Climate in the balance

This essay explores how our climate system works, how humans are changing the climate system, and how we might face the challenges of reducing our negative impact on the climate system in the future

The New Hampshire Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Fund: Year 3 (July 2011-June 2012) Evaluation

The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Fund (GHGERF) was created by the New Hampshire legislature in 2008 and has been administered by the New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission (PUC). The purpose of the Fund was to support energy efficiency, energy conservation, and demand response programs to reduce New Hampshire’s greenhouse gas emissions. Funding was derived from the State’s participation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a cooperative effort by nine northeastern states to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the electric power sector via a cap and trade program. As of June 2012, RGGI auctions have resulted in revenues to New Hampshire of $38.7 million, of which$21.8 million had been paid out to grants through June 2012. These funds have been distributed primarily through a competitive grant process administered by the PUC. The total amount of GHGERF grant awards is equal to 0.5% of the $6 billion that New Hampshire spends annually on energy across all sectors. These grants funded a wide variety of projects and programs which directly benefitted New Hampshire homes, schools, businesses, towns, and non-profit organizations. Details for each grant award are available at the PUC’s website. Completed projects supported by GHGERF funds (as of June 2012) have resulted in annual reductions of fossil fuel energy use in NH by 227,400 million BTUs (MMBTUs). Additionally, the GHGERF creates annual energy savings for NH residents and businesses of over$6.7 million and reduces annual carbon dioxide emissions by 22,900 metric tons. Cumulative energy savings due to projects completed as of June 2012 are estimated to be 4.0 million MMBTUs through 2030. NH residents and businesses are expected to save $107.8 million through 2030 based on current energy prices. Carbon dioxide emissions reductions are estimated to be 366,500 metric tons through 2030. In addition to energy reductions, GHGERF has supported energy efficiency workforce development for 700 workers with over 11,300 training hours (as of June 2012). GHGERF has also financially supported almost 2,300 building benchmarking and energy audit evaluations. During the past three years, GHGERF has delivered significant energy savings and served a wide-base of residential, commercial, and industrial energy customers throughout New Hampshire. The experience and capacity built during the three year period allowed GHGERF to deliver the highest amount of energy saved per dollar spent during this past reporting period. The model of having a central specialized expert organization work with multiple energy customers, as seen in all of the grants awarded in 2010, has proven to be a successful one and should be considered as NH’s RGGI program shifts to the NH electric utility energy efficiency programs

Indicators of Climate Change in the Northeast 2005

Climate changes. It always has and always will. What is unique in modern times is that human activities are now a significant factor causing climate to change. This is evident in the recent rise in key greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), in the atmosphere, and in the recent increase in global temperatures in the lower atmosphere and in the surface ocean. The evidence presented in this report clearly illustrates that climate in New England is also changing. Over the past 100 years, and especially the last 30 years, all of the climate change indicators for the region reveal a warming trend. While at this point we cannot prove conclusively that this regional warming is due to human actions, the warming is fully consistent with what we would expect from global warming caused by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. There is no question that human induced climate change is a phenomenon that humans will have to deal with in the coming decades. The good news is that, because we are the primary source of pollution that is likely causing our atmosphere and oceans to warm, we can also do something about it by changing specific policies and behaviors. It is our hope that by presenting this information in a succinct format, more people will understand the nature and scope of the problem and, therefore, be willing to make the changes necessary to address the significant societal challenge posed by climate change

Anthropogenic signals recorded in an ice core from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory, Canada

Trends in the annual flux of sulfate and nitrate in a new ice core collected at an elevation of 3017 m on Eclipse Icefield, 45 km northeast of Mt. Logan were examined to determine the effect of anthropogenic activity on precipitation chemistry in the remote northwest North America mid-troposphere. The annual flux of both sulfate and nitrate at Eclipse began increasing in the 1940s, demonstrating, for the first time, the anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate pollution of the northwest North American Arctic in an ice core from this region. Comparison of the Eclipse record with regional emission estimates for total sulfur and nitrogen oxides suggests that Eurasia is the dominant source of pollutants reaching Eclipse. The available data does not permit a confident assessment of the relative importance of European versus Soviet emissions in producing the observed trends in sulfate and nitrate at Eclipse

The spatial variation of Asian dust and marine aerosol contributions to glaciochemical signals in central Asia

Short-term (6 months to 17 years) glaciochemical records have been collected from several glacier basins in the mountains of central Asia. The spatial distribution of snow chemistry in central Asia is controlled by the influx of dust from the large expanse of arid and semiarid regions in central Asia. Glaciers in the Northern and Western Tibetan Plateau show elevated concentrations and elevated annual fluxes of calcium, sodium, chloride, sulphate and nitrate due to the influx of desert dust from nearby arid and semi-arid regions. Glaciers in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau show lower concentrations and lower annual fluxes of major ions due to longer transport distances of dust from the arid and semi-arid regions of Western China. Snow from the Karakoram and Western Himalaya show ion concentrations similar to those in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, but much higher annual fluxes suggesting that much of the aerosol and moisture transported with the westerly jet stream is removed as it ascends the Southwest margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Snow from the Southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas shows very low concentrations and very low annual fluxes of major ions, indicating that this region is relatively free from the chemical influence of Asian dust. The glaciochemical data suggest that glaciers which are removed from large source areas of mineral aerosol, such as those in the Himalaya, the Karakoram, and the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, are the ones most likely to contain longer-term glaciochemical records which detail annual to decadal variation in the strength of the Asian monsoon and long-range transport of Asian dust